Resource Library

Sickle cell anemia is a disease passed down through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape. (Red blood cells are normally shaped like a disc.)

Anemia - sickle cell; Hemoglobin SS disease (Hb SS); Sickle cell disease

Hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S distorts the shape of red blood cells, especially when there is low oxygen.

The distorted red blood cells are shaped like crescents or sickles. These fragile, sickle-shaped cells deliver less oxygen to the body's tissues. They also can clog more easily in small blood vessels, and break into pieces that disrupt blood flow.

Sickle cell anemia is inherited from both parents. Sickle cell disease is much more common in people of African and Mediterranean descent. It is also seen in people from South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.

Someone who inherits the hemoglobin S gene from one parent and normal hemoglobin (A) from the other parent will have sickle cell trait. People with sickle cell trait do not have the symptoms of true sickle cell anemia.

Almost all patients with sickle cell anemia have painful episodes (crises), which can last from hours to days. These crises can affect the bones of the back, the long bones, and the chest.

Some patients have one episode every few years. Others have many episodes per year. The crises can be severe enough to require a hospital stay.

Common symptoms include:

• Attacks of abdominal pain
• Bone pain
• Breathlessness
• Delayed growth and puberty
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Jaundice
• Paleness
• Rapid heart rate
• Ulcers on the lower legs (in adolescents and adults)

Other symptoms include:

• Chest pain
• Excessive thirst
• Frequent urination
• Painful and prolonged erection (priapism - occurs in 10 - 40% of men with the disease)
• Poor eyesight/blindness
• Strokes
• Skin ulcers

Tests commonly performed to diagnose and monitor patients with sickle cell anemia include:

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Hemoglobin electrophoresis
• Sickle cell test

Other tests may include:

• Bilirubin
• Blood oxygen
• CT scan or MRI
• Peripheral smear
• Serum creatinine
• Serum hemoglobin
• Serum potassium
• Urinary casts or blood in the urine
• White blood cell count

Sickle cell anemia can cause great stress to the patient and family members. Joining a support group where members share common experiences and problems can relieve this stress.

See: Sickle cell anemia - support group

In the past, sickle-cell patients often died from organ failure between ages 20 and 40. Thanks to a better understanding and management of the disease, today patients can live into their 50s or beyond.

Causes of death include organ failure and infection. Some people with the disease experience minor, brief, infrequent episodes. Others experience severe, long-term, frequent episodes with many complications.

• Acute chest syndrome
• Anemia
• Blindness/vision impairment
• Brain and nervous system (neurologic) symptoms and stroke
• Death
• Disease of many body systems (kidney, liver, lung)
• Drug (narcotic) abuse
• Erectile dysfunction (as a result of priapism)
• Gallstones
• Hemolytic crisis
• Infection, including pneumonia, gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis), bone infection (osteomyelitis), and urinary tract infection
• Joint destruction
• Leg sores (ulcers)
• Loss of function in the spleen
• Parvovirus B19 infection, leading to low red blood cell production (aplastic crisis)
• Splenic sequestration syndrome
• Tissue death in the kidney

Call your health care provider if you have:

• Painful crises
• Any symptoms of infection (fever, body aches, headache, fatigue)

Sickle cell anemia can only occur when two people who carry sickle cell trait have a child together. Genetic counseling is recommended for all carriers of sickle cell trait. About 1 in 12 African Americans has sickle cell trait. It is possible to diagnose sickle cell anemia during pregnancy.

You can prevent sickling of red blood cells by:

• Getting enough fluids
• Getting enough oxygen
• Quickly treating infections

Have physical exams every 3 - 6 months to ensure that you are getting enough nutrition and activity, and that you are receiving the proper vaccinations. Regular eye exams are also recommended.

PREVENTING INFECTIONS

• People with sickle cell anemia need to keep their immunizations up to date, including Haemophilus influenza, pneumococcal, meningococcal, hepatitis B, and influenza.
• Some patients may receive antibiotics to prevent infections.

PREVENTING CRISES

Parents should encourage children with sickle cell anemia to lead normal lives.

To reduce sickle cell crises, take the following precautions:

• To prevent oxygen loss, avoid:
  • Demanding physical activity (especially if the spleen is enlarged)
  • Emotional stress
  • Environments with low oxygen (high altitudes, non-pressurized airplane flights)
  • Smoking
  • Known sources of infection.
• To make sure you're getting enough fluids:
  • Avoid too much exposure to the sun
  • Have fluids on hand, both at home and away
  • Recognize signs of dehydration
• To avoid infection:
  • Consider having the child wear a Medic Alert bracelet
  • Have the child vaccinated as recommended by the health care provider
  • Share the above information with teachers and other caretakers, when necessary

Be aware of the effects that chronic, life-threatening illnesses can have on siblings, marriages, parents, and the child.

Lee MT, Piomelli S, Granger S, et al. Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP): extended follow-up and final results. Blood. Aug 1, 2006;108(3):847-52.

Brawley OW, Cornelius LJ, Edwards LR, Gamble VN, Green BL, Inturrisi C, et al. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: hydroxyurea treatment for sickle cell disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:932-938.

Geller AK, O'Connor MK. The sickle cell crisis: a dilemma in pain relief. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008.83:320-323.

Saunthararajah Y, Vichinsky EP, Embury SH. Sickle cell disease. In: Hoffman R, Benz Jr. EJ, Shattil SJ, Furie B, Cohen HJ, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingston;2005;chap 37.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Sickle Cell Disease in Newborns: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Sep 2007:AHRQ Publication No. 07-05104-EF-2.